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Thursday, March 31, 2011

Titration Argentometry

Theory
Term of argentometry derived from the Latin Argentum, the the which means silver. So, argentometry is one way to determine the levels of substances in a solution That Is performed with titration based on the formation of precipitate with Ag + ionsOne way to determine the levels of acid-base balance in a solution is by volumetry. Argentometry a precipitation titration samples analyzed by using silver ions. Typically, the ions are determined in this titration is halide ions (Cl-, Br-, I-). There are three types of end points Used for the titration with AgNO3namely: 1.Indikator2.Amperometri3.Indikator kimiaTitik end based on the potentiometric silver electrode potential is dipped into the analyte solution. Amperometri end point involves determining the current passed Between mikroelektrode pair of silver in a solution of analytes. While the end point produced chemical indicator, usually consists of changing colors Appear absence of turbidity in the titrated solution. Terms of indicators for precipitation titration analogdengan neutralization titration indicators, namely:
 
1. Should color changes occur in a limited range of p-function of reagent / analyte.Color2. The changes must occur in parts of the titration curve for the analyte. In the titration argentometry, substances have been Spiked That examination is mixed with salt indicator of the standard solution of silver nitrate (AgNO3). By measuring the volume standar liquid Used so That all the Ag + ions be precisely deposited Cans, Cans salt in content inspection solution be determined. The methods of titration argentometry:1. Mohr Method; this method is Cans be Used to determine chloride levels in the atmosphere danbromide neutral with a standard solution of silver nitrate with potassium chromate as an indicator of the Addition of the solution. At the beginning of the titration will from silver chloride precipitation occur from and after the equivalent point, then adding a little silver nitrate will be reacting with chromate to form a precipitate of silver chromate red That2. Volhard method; Silver Cans be determined accurately in an atmosphere of raw with acid solution of potassium or ammonium thiocyanate, thiocyanate Cans set in the clear advantages with salts of iron (III) nitrate or iron (III) ammonium sulphate as indicator That form the red color of the complex of iron (III) thiocyanate in the environment 0.5 N nitric acid 1.5 N. This Should Be titration carried out in an atmosphere of acid, Because the iron ions (III) will be deposited into Fe (OH) 3 if the atmosphere is alkaline, so the end of point Cans not be demonstrated3. Fajans Method: In this method the adsorption indicator, as the fact That at the equivalent point indicator adsorbed by sediment. This indicator Gives no discoloration to the solution, but on the surface sedimentation. sedimentation Should Be maintained as far as possible in the form of colloid.

Saturday, March 26, 2011

Report Job Training Pharmacy

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Job Training
Health education is an integral part of national development in health that are directed to support efforts to achieve optimal health status. In this regard, education of health personnel was held to generate qualified health personnel, capable of the task to achieve change, growth and renewal in order to meet the needs of health services for the entire community.
Academy of Pharmaceutical Saraswati Denpasar which is one of health education institutions, provide education to produce technical manpower pharmacy Associate Expert level. Pharmacy staff who are expected skilled, trained and able to develop themselves both as individuals and as a professional manpower based on the values ​​that can support health development efforts. For that purpose, to provide education primarily teaching-learning process needs to be improved continuously both quality and quantity. One effort that can be done is to provide work experience to students through job training, called the Job Training (PKL).
Job Training is a learning process on a real working unit, so that learners can get an idea and work experience directly and comprehensively. As a candidate for supporting staff in health care, the Academy of Pharmacy students Saraswati Denpasar expected to know various integrated activities include the production, distribution, service and supervision of pharmaceutical and other medical supplies, including the management of administration.
Exercises are given intensive skills in school laboratories only as a basis for working in the corporate world. Other skills such as drug control, drug counseling, application of a good attitude as health workers and the ability to collaborate with other health workers as well as how to troubleshoot problems that occur in the field has not been given in schools in particular. For that industry practice is the best way to gain knowledge and skills that have not obtained during follow education in schools.
1.2 Objectives of the Job Training
1.2.1 General Objectives
The general objectives to be achieved in the implementation of working practices of this field is as follows:
1. Improve, expand and consolidate the skills that make up the ability of learners to enter employment in accordance with the requirements specified educational program.
2. Know the activities in terms of administrative and socio-cultural aspects.
3. Provide opportunities for learners to gain real work experience and directly integrated in conducting pharmaceutical health services in hospitals, health centers and pharmacies.
4. Develop and establish ethical and professional attitude required learners to enter employment according to its area.
5. Provide opportunities for learners to socialize themselves on the atmosphere / climate of the real working environment.
6. Improve, expand and consolidate the process of absorption of new technologies from employment to school and vice versa.
7. Obtain input and feedback to improve and develop and improve the education in the Academy of Pharmacy Saraswati Denpasar.
8. Provide opportunities for job placement.
1.2.2 Specific Objectives
The specific objectives to be achieved in the implementation of field work in pharmacy practice are as follows:
1. To determine the mechanism of management of pharmaceuticals in pharmacies.
2. To determine the role of assistant pharmacist in the pharmacy.
3. To collect data for the interests of educational institutions.
4. To add a repertory of libraries in schools in order to support the promotion of the next generation of learners knowledge.
5. That students are able to understand, maintain, and develop lessons learned in school and applied in employment.
6. That students are able to find alternative solutions to problems pharmacy in accordance with established educational programs more widely and deeply revealed by a report prepared by the group.

1.3 The methodology
In preparing this report we collect data vendors by applying the observational method, namely direct observation of the activities carried out in pharmacies and interviews with technical teacher.







CHAPTER II
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
2.1 Pharmacy
According to Decree No. Kepmenkes. 1027/Menkes/SK/IX/2004 on Standards of Pharmaceutical Services in Pharmacy, a pharmacy is a certain place, where he did work of pharmacy and distribution of pharmaceuticals and other pharmaceutical supplies to the public. Pharmacy is managed by a pharmacist, pharmacy graduates who are already graduated and have a pharmacist oath of office, they are based on laws and regulations that apply to pharmacy work in Indonesia as a pharmacist. Requirements for the establishment of a pharmacy must have a pharmacy license, the license granted by the Minister of Health to the pharmacist or pharmacist working with the owner of the means to establish pharmacies in a particular place. Pharmacists who have been given a permit referred Pharmacist Pharmacy Manager Pharmacy (APA). Terms Pharmacist Pharmacy Management include: diplomas have been registered with the Ministry of Health; already take an oath or promise as a pharmacist; have a Work Permit or Letter of Assignment from the Minister; meet the requirements of physical and mental health to carry out his duties as a pharmacist; not work in a pharmaceutical companies and not be Pharmacist Pharmacy Manager at another pharmacy.
Pharmacy Permit may be revoked if: apoteker no longer meets the conditions set like transcripts that are not listed in the department of health; violate oath or affirmation as a pharmacist; does not longer meet the physical or mental requirements in the running duties; work as a responsible at the pharmacy or the pharmaceutical industry other pharmacists did not provide, store and deliver pharmaceutical supplies of quality and guaranteed its validity; pharmacists not to run such a good job in serving the prescription, provide information relating to proper use of drugs, safe and rational, if the pharmacist was unable to do its work more than two consecutive years; if pharmacists violate narcotics laws, hard drugs, and other provisions; Work Permit revoked Pharmacist Pharmacy Management, the owner of the pharmacy facility proved to have violated legislation in the field of medicine, or pharmacy no longer meets the requirements set .
Pharmacies must meet the following requirements: permits from the Department of Health; have a pharmacist who became a technical charge has SIK (Work Permit) or SP (Letter Assignment); have a qualified building; have the equipment to perform activities of pharmacy; have medical supplies in accordance with applicable regulations; have experts such as pharmacists, assistant pharmacists, administrators, and others. There is a deed of agreement between the Pharmacist Manager Pharmacy notary by means of a pharmacy owner (PSA).
Liability Pharmacist Pharmacy Management, among others: serve recipes in accordance with the responsibilities and professional expertise; not permitted to substitute generic drugs by patent medicine, in which case the patient is unable to redeem written on prescription drugs, pharmacists consult with your doctor for a more appropriate drug selection; required to provide information relating to the use of drugs delivered to patients; required to provide precise information on drug use, safe, rational at the request of the community; if the pharmacist considers that there are errors in prescribing or inappropriate prescribing, the pharmacist must notify the physician prescribers ; because of certain considerations physician prescribers remain at its founding, the doctor must declare in writing or signing the above recipe.
If the pharmacist was unable to attend on certain days, the pharmacist was replaced by assistant pharmacist, and if the pharmacist was unable to attend more than three months continuously then replaced by a pharmacist pharmacists who already have a driver replacement work permit and not acting as a pharmacist at the pharmacy pharmacy pengolola other. The transfer of responsibility for managing the pharmacy include: any transfer of management responsibilities caused by the replacement of pharmacy to the pharmacist substitutes APA, shall perform the handover prescription, narcotics, drugs and other pharmaceutical supplies as well as key storage of narcotics and psychotropic substances; during the handover must be made of Minutes handover.
In performing their duties aided by assistant pharmacist pharmacists is that they are based on legislation in force is entitled to do the job as an assistant pharmacist pharmacy. Assistant pharmacist on duty serving the prescription in accordance with the responsibilities and the professional standard that is based on the interests of society and serving the sale of drugs that can be bought without a prescription; provide information relating to the use / consumption of drugs given to patients; appropriate use of drugs, safe and rational at the request of the community.
The information provided should be correct, clear and easy to understand and how to tailor delivery, selective, ethical, thoughtful and careful. Information provided to patients at least include: how to use drugs, how drug storage, treatment period, food / drinks / activities that should be avoided during therapy and other necessary information; respect the rights of patients and keep secret the identity and personal health data of patients ; do pharmacy management include: the creation, management, compounding, conversion of form, mixing, storage and delivery of drugs and drug ingredients, as well as procurement, storage, distribution and delivery of other pharmaceuticals.
According to Government Regulation No. 25 of 1980 pharmacies have the duties and functions as follows: the dedication the profession of a pharmacist who has been sworn into office; facilities that perform compounding pharmacy, changing shapes, mixing and delivery of drugs or drug ingredients, and pharmaceutical supplies dealer facilities should distribute the required medicine is widespread and equitable society.
According to the Decree of the Minister of Health of Indonesia Number: 1332/Menkes/SK / X/2002 on the Amendment Regulation of the Minister of Health of Indonesia Number: 922/Menkes/Per/X / 1993 on the Provisions and Procedures for Granting Licenses Pharmacies, pharmacy licensing procedures are as follows:
1. Pharmacy license application submitted to the Chief Public Health District using a model form of APT-1
2. Using APT-2 form to the Chief Medical Officer not later than 6 (six) working days after receiving an application may request technical assistance to Central POM to examine the readiness of pharmacies to conduct activities
3. Team Health Service District or Head of POM not later than 6 (six) working days after request technical assistance from the Head of District Health reported the results of local examinations using the example of APT-3 Form
4. In the case of the examination referred to in paragraph (2) and (3) not implemented, pharmacist applicant may make a statement ready to conduct activities to To the Department of Health / local City by using the example of the form APT-4
5. Within 12 (twelve) working days after receiving the examination report as referred to paragraph (3) or the statement referred to in paragraph (4) Head of District Health issued a pharmacy permit by using the example of the form APT-5
6. In the event that inspection teams of Health Department District Chief of Balai POM or referred to in paragraph (3) are not yet qualified, Chief Medical Officer of Regency / Municipality within 12 (twelve) working days issue a Letter Delays by removing a sample form of APT-6
7. Against Postponement Letter as referred to paragraph (6), pharmacists are given the opportunity to complete the requirements that have not been fulfilled at the latest within a period of 1 (one) month from the date of Letter of Suspension.
2.2 Pharmacy Management
2.2.1 Human Resources Management
According to the provisions prevailing pharmacy must be managed by a professional pharmacist. In managing the Pharmacy, Pharmacist should always have the ability to provide and providing good service, take the right decisions, ability to communicate between the professions, placing himself as putting the leadership in multidisciplinary situations, the ability to manage human resources effectively, always learning throughout a career, and help provide education and provide opportunities to increase knowledge.
2.2.2 Management of Pharmacy Services and Tools
Pharmacies are located in areas that were easily recognizable by the public. On the front page there are clear signs that the written word Pharmacy. Pharmacies should be able to be easily accessed by members of the public. Services provided pharmaceutical products in the space separate from the activities of services and sales of other products, it is useful to show integrity and product quality and reduce the risk of transfer errors.
The community must be direct and easy access by the pharmacist to obtain information and counseling. Pharmacies must be kept clean environment. Pharmacies must be free of rodents and insects. Pharmacies must be free from the constant electricity supply, especially for refrigerators.
Pharmacies must have a comfortable waiting area for patients, a place to mendisplai information for patients, including the placement of brochures or informational materials, enclosed space for counseling for patients who are equipped with tables and chairs and cabinets to store records for the medication of patients, space for dispensing medicine, washing equipment, waste baskets are available for staff and patients.
Furniture should be arranged neatly pharmacy, complete with shelves penyimpannan medicine and other goods are also well-organized, protected from dust, moisture and excessive light and placed at room condition with a predetermined temperature.


2.2.3 Management of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Other Health Supplies
Pharmaceutical supply management and other medical supplies made pursuant to the applicable legislation includes: planning, procurement, storage and service. Drug expenditure system using FIFO (first in, first out) and FEFO (first expired first out)
In planning the procurement of pharmaceutical supplies to note the pattern of disease, the ability of communities and cultural communities. To ensure quality pharmaceutical services, the procurement of pharmaceutical supplies must be through official channels.
Drug / drug ingredients should be stored in original container from the factory. In the case of exception or emergency where the content is transferred to another container, then have prevented the occurrence of contamination and should be written in clear information on the new container, the container at least contain the batch number and expiration date. All ingredients should be stored in appropriate conditions, feasible and ensure the stability of the material.
2.2.4 Management Administration
In carrying out pharmacy service at the pharmacy, should be carried out administrative activities which include public administration and administrative services. Public administration includes mutilation, archiving, reporting of narcotics, psychotropic substances and documentation in accordance with applicable regulations, while the administration service includes archiving recipes, archiving remarks patient treatment, archiving the results of monitoring drug use.
2.3 Pharmacy Services
2.3.1 Prescription Service
a. Screening Recipes
Against the received prescriptions must be screened in advance by the pharmacist before it is served. Screening recipes include administrative requirements, suitability of pharmaceutical and clinical considerations. Administrative requirements include: name, address of the SIP and doctors; date of prescribing; signature / initials physician prescribers; name, address, age, gender, and body weight of patients; name drug, potency, dosage, amount requested, how to use clear; and other information. Pharmaceutical suitability include: dosage form, dosage, potency, stability, incompatibility, and the old ways of giving. Clinical Considerations include: the existence of allergies, side effects, interactions, compliance (dose, duration, number of medications and others).
If there are doubts about the prescription the doctor should be consulted to prescribers by providing the necessary considerations and alternatives when necessary use approval after notification.
b. Preparation of Drugs (Compounding)
Compounding is an activity to prepare, weigh, mix, package and deliver labels on containers. In implementing the compounding of drugs must be made a permanent procedure with respect to dose, type and amount of drugs as well as writing the correct etiquette. Etiquette drug should be clear and legible. Drugs should be packaged neatly in a suitable packaging so that quality is maintained.
c. Drug Delivery
Before the drugs delivered to patients should be made final inspection of the appropriateness of prescription drugs. Delivery of drugs by the pharmacist with providing drug information and counseling to patients and health professionals.
d. Provision of Drug Information
Pharmacists must provide correct information, clear and easy to understand, accurate, unbiased, ethical, thoughtful, and current. Drug information to patients at least include: how to use drugs, how drug storage, treatment period, activity and food and beverages should be avoided during therapy.
e. Counseling
Pharmacists should provide counseling about pharmaceuticals, medicine and other medical supplies, so as to improve the quality of life of patients or concerned to avoid a danger of abuse or use of any pharmaceutical or other medical supplies.
For people with certain diseases such as cardiovascular, diabetes, tuberculosis, asthma, and other chronic diseases, pharmacists must provide counseling on an ongoing basis.
f. Monitoring Drug Use
After delivery of the drug to the patient, the pharmacist should carry out monitoring of drug use, particularly for certain patients such as cardiovascular, diabetes, tuberculosis, asthma, and other chronic diseases.


2.3.2 Promotion and Education.
In the framework of community empowerment, the pharmacist should participate actively in the promotion and education. Pharmacists will help to disseminate information, such as by distributing leaflets / brochures, posters, counseling, and others.
2.3.3 Residential Services (Home Care)
Pharmacist as a care giver is also expected to perform pharmaceutical services that are home visits, especially for groups of elderly and patients with other chronic disease treatment. For these activities the pharmacist shall make a note of the treatment (medication record).

Friday, March 25, 2011

Laporan PKL Apotek

BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang Praktek Kerja Lapangan
Pendidikan tenaga kesehatan merupakan bagian integral dari pembangunan nasional bidang kesehatan yang diarahkan untuk mendukung upaya pencapaian derajat kesehatan secara optimal. Dalam hal ini, pendidikan tenaga kesehatan diselenggarakan untuk menghasilkan tenaga kesehatan yang bermutu, mampu mengemban tugas untuk mewujudkan perubahan, pertumbuhan dan pembaharuan dalam rangka memenuhi kebutuhan pelayanan kesehatan bagi seluruh masyarakat.
Akademi Farmasi Saraswati Denpasar yang merupakan salah satu institusi pendidikan kesehatan, menyelenggarakan pendidikan untuk menghasilkan tenaga teknis kefarmasian jenjang Ahli Madya. Tenaga farmasi yang dihasilkan diharapkan terampil, terlatih dan dapat mengembangkan diri baik sebagai pribadi maupun sebagai tenaga kerja profesional berdasarkan nilai-nilai yang dapat menunjang upaya pembangunan kesehatan. Untuk itu, penyelenggaraan pendidikan terutama proses belajar mengajar perlu ditingkatkan secara terus menerus baik kualitas maupun kuantitas. Salah satu upaya yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan memberikan pengalaman kerja kepada peserta didik melalui latihan kerja yang disebut Praktek Kerja Lapangan (PKL).
Praktek Kerja Lapangan adalah suatu proses pembelajaran pada unit kerja secara nyata, sehingga peserta didik mendapat gambaran dan pengalaman kerja secara langsung dan menyeluruh. Sebagai calon tenaga penunjang pada pelayanan kesehatan, peserta didik Akademi Farmasi Saraswati Denpasar diharapkan mengetahui berbagai kegiatan terpadu meliputi bidang produksi, distribusi, pelayanan dan pengawasan sediaan farmasi dan perbekalan kesehatan lainnya termasuk penatalaksanaan administrasinya.
Latihan keterampilan yang secara intensif diberikan di laboratorium sekolah hanya sebagai dasar untuk bekerja di dunia usaha. Keterampilan lain seperti pengendalian obat, penyuluhan obat, penerapan sikap yang baik sebagai tenaga kesehatan dan kemampuan untuk bekerjasama dengan tenaga kesehatan lain serta cara memecahkan masalah yang terjadi di lapangan belum diberikan di sekolah secara khusus. Untuk itu Praktek Industri merupakan cara terbaik untuk mendapatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan yang belum di peroleh selama mengikuti pendidikan di sekolah.
1.2 Tujuan Praktek Kerja Lapangan
1.2.1 Tujuan Umum
Adapun tujuan umum yang ingin dicapai dalam pelaksanaan praktek kerja lapangan ini adalah sebagai berikut :
1. Meningkatkan, memperluas dan memantapkan keterampilan yang membentuk kemampuan peserta didik untuk memasuki lapangan kerja yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan program pendidikan yang ditetapkan.
2. Mengenal kegiatan-kegiatan baik ditinjau dari aspek administrasi dan sosial budaya.
3. Memberikan kesempatan kepada peserta didik untuk mendapatkan pengalaman kerja yang nyata dan langsung secara terpadu dalam melaksanakan kegiatan pelayanan kesehatan farmasi di Rumah Sakit, Puskesmas dan Apotek.
4. Menumbuhkembangkan dan memantapkan sikap etis dan profesional yang diperlukan peserta didik untuk memasuki lapangan kerja sesuai bidangnya.
5. Memberikan kesempatan kepada peserta didik untuk memasyarakatkan diri pada suasana/iklim lingkungan kerja yang sesungguhnya.
6. Meningkatkan, memperluas dan memantapkan proses penyerapan teknologi baru dari lapangan kerja ke sekolah dan sebaliknya.
7. Memperoleh masukan dan umpan balik guna memperbaiki dan mengembangkan serta meningkatkan penyelenggaraan pendidikan di Akademi Farmasi Saraswati Denpasar.
8. Memberikan kesempatan untuk penempatan kerja.
1.2.2 Tujuan Khusus
Adapun tujuan khusus yang ingin dicapai dalam pelaksanaan praktek kerja lapangan di apotek adalah sebagai berikut :
1. Untuk mengetahui mekanisme pengelolaan perbekalan farmasi di Apotek.
2. Untuk mengetahui peranan asisten apoteker di Apotek.
3. Untuk mengumpulkan data guna kepentingan institusi pendidikan.
4. Untuk menambah perbendaharaan perpustakaan di sekolah guna menunjang peningkatan pengetahuan peserta didik angkatan selanjutnya.
5. Agar peserta didik mampu memahami, memantapkan, dan mengembangkan pelajaran yang diperoleh di sekolah dan diterapkan di lapangan kerja.
6. Agar peserta didik mampu mencari alternatif pemecahan masalah kefarmasian sesuai dengan program pendidikan yang ditetapkan secara lebih luas dan mendalam yang terungkap dari laporan yang disusun per kelompok.

1.3 Metodelogi
Dalam penyusunan laporan PKL ini kami mengumpulkan data dengan menerapkan metode observasional, yakni pengamatan secara langsung kegiatan yang dilakukan di apotek dan wawancara dengan pembimibing teknis.
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BAB II
URAIAN UMUM
2.1 Apotek
Menurut Kepmenkes RI No. 1027/Menkes/SK/IX/2004 tentang Standar Pelayanan Kefarmasian di Apotek, apotek adalah suatu tempat tertentu, tempat dilakukannya pekerjaan kefarmasian dan penyaluran sediaan farmasi serta perbekalan farmasi lainnya kepada masyarakat. Apotek dikelola oleh apoteker, yaitu sarjana farmasi yang telah lulus dan telah mengucapkan sumpah jabatan apoteker, mereka yang berdasarkan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku melakukan pekerjaan kefarmasian di Indonesia sebagai Apoteker. Persyaratan berdirinya sebuah apotek harus memiliki Surat Izin Apotek, yaitu surat izin yang diberikan oleh Menteri Kesehatan kepada Apoteker atau Apoteker bekerja sama dengan pemilik sarana untuk mendirikan Apotek di suatu tempat tertentu. Apoteker yang telah diberi Surat Izin Apotek disebut Apoteker Pengelola Apotek (APA). Persyaratan Apoteker Pengelola Apotek antara lain : ijazahnya telah terdaftar pada Kementerian Kesehatan; telah mengucapkan sumpah atau janji sebagai Apoteker; memiliki Surat Izin Kerja atau Surat Penugasan dari Menteri; memenuhi syarat-syarat kesehatan fisik dan mental untuk melaksanakan tugasnya sebagai Apoteker; tidak bekerja di suatu perusahaan farmasi dan tidak menjadi Apoteker Pengelola Apotek di apotek lain.
Surat Izin Apotek dapat dicabut jika: apoteker tidak lagi memenuhi ketentuan yang telah ditetapkan seperti ijazah yang tidak terdaftar pada departemen kesehatan; melanggar sumpah atau janji sebagai apoteker; tidak lagi memenuhi persyaratan fisik atau mental dalam menjalankan tugasnya; bekerja sebagai penanggungjawab pada apotek atau industri farmasi lainnya; apoteker tidak menyediakan, menyimpan dan menyerahkan perbekalan farmasi yang bermutu dan terjamin keabsahannya; apoteker tidak menjalankan tugasnya dengan baik seperti dalam hal melayani resep, memberikan informasi yang berkaitan dengan penggunaan obat secara tepat, aman dan rasional; bila apoteker berhalangan melakukan tugasnya lebih dari dua tahun berturut-turut; bila apoteker melanggar perundang-undangan narkotika, obat keras, dan ketentuan lainnya; Surat Izin Kerja Apoteker Pengelola Apotek dicabut; pemilik sarana apotek terbukti melakukan pelanggaran perundang-undangan di bidang obat; atau apotek tidak lagi memenuhi persyaratan yang ditetapkan.
Apotek harus memenuhi persyaratan berikut : izin dari Dinas Kesehatan; mempunyai apoteker yang menjadi penanggung jawab teknis yang telah memiliki SIK (Surat Izin Kerja) atau SP (Surat Penugasan); mempunyai gedung yang memenuhi syarat; mempunyai perlengkapan untuk melakukan kegiatan apotek; mempunyai perbekalan kesehatan yang sesuai dengan peraturan yang berlaku; mempunyai tenaga ahli seperti apoteker, asisten apoteker, administrator, dan lain-lain. Ada akte perjanjian notaris antara Apoteker Pengelola Apotek dengan pemilik sarana apotek (PSA).
Kewajiban Apoteker Pengelola Apotek antara lain: melayani resep sesuai dengan tanggung jawab dan keahlian profesinya; tidak diizinkan untuk mengganti obat generik dengan obat paten; dalam hal pasien tidak mampu menebus obat yang tertulis di resep, apoteker berkonsultasi dengan dokter untuk pemilihan obat yang lebih tepat; wajib memberikan informasi yang berkaitan dengan penggunaan obat yang diserahkan kepada pasien; wajib memberikan informasi penggunaan obat secara tepat, aman, rasional atas permintaan masyarakat; apabila apoteker menganggap bahwa dalam resep terdapat kekeliruan atau penulisan resep yang tidak tepat, apoteker harus memberitahukan kepada dokter penulis resep; karena pertimbangan tertentu dokter penulis resep tetap pada pendiriannya, dokter wajib menyatakannya secara tertulis atau membubuhkan tanda tangan di atas resep.
Jika apoteker berhalangan hadir pada hari-hari tertentu maka apoteker digantikan oleh apoteker pendamping, dan apabila apoteker berhalangan hadir lebih dari tiga bulan secara terus-menerus maka apoteker diganti oleh apoteker pengganti yang telah memiliki Surat ijin Kerja dan tidak bertindak sebagai apoteker pengolola apotek di apotek lain. Pengalihan tanggung jawab pengelola apotek diantaranya : setiap pengalihan tanggung jawab pengelolaan kefarmasian yang disebabkan oleh penggantian APA kepada Apoteker Pengganti, wajib melakukan serah terima resep, narkotika, obat dan perbekalan farmasi lainnya serta kunci tempat penyimpanan narkotika dan psikotropika; saat serah terima wajib dibuat Berita Acara Serah Terima.
Dalam melaksanakan tugasnya apoteker dibantu oleh asisten apoteker yakni mereka yang berdasarkan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku berhak melakukan pekerjaan kefarmasian sebagai asisten apoteker. Asisten apoteker yang bertugas melayani resep dokter sesuai dengan tanggung jawab dan standar profesinya yang dilandasi pada kepentingan masyarakat serta melayani penjualan obat yang dapat dibeli tanpa resep dokter; memberi informasi yang berkaitan dengan penggunaan/ pemakaian obat yang diserahkan kepada pasien; penggunaan obat secara tepat, aman dan rasional atas permintaan masyarakat.
Informasi yang diberikan harus benar, jelas dan mudah dimengerti serta cara penyampaiannya disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan, selektif, etika, bijaksana dan hati-hati. Informasi yang diberikan kepada pasien sekurang-kurangnya meliputi: cara pemakaian obat, cara penyimpanan obat, jangka waktu pengobatan, makanan/minuman/aktifitas yang hendaknya dihindari selama terapi dan informasi lain yang diperlukan; menghormati hak pasien dan menjaga kerahasian identitas serta data kesehatan pribadi pasien; melakukan pengelolaan apotek meliputi: pembuatan, pengelolaan, peracikan, pengubahan bentuk, pencampuran, penyimpanan dan penyerahan obat dan bahan obat; serta pengadaan, penyimpanan, penyaluran dan penyerahan sediaan farmasi lainnya.
Menurut Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 25 tahun 1980 apotek mempunyai tugas dan fungsi sebagai berikut : tempat pengabdian profesi seorang apoteker yang telah mengucapkan sumpah jabatan; sarana farmasi yang melakukan peracikan, pengubahan bentuk, pencampuran dan penyerahan obat atau bahan obat; dan sarana penyalur perbekalan farmasi yang harus menyebarkan obat yang diperlukan masyarakat secara meluas dan merata.
Menurut Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan RI Nomor: 1332/Menkes/SK/ X/2002 tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan RI Nomor: 922/Menkes/Per/X /1993 tentang Ketentuan dan Tata Cara Pemberian Izin Apotik, tata cara pemberian izin apotek adalah sebagai berikut:
1. Permohonan izin apotek diajukan kepada Kepala Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten/Kota dengan menggunakan formulir model APT-1
2. Dengan menggunakan formulir APT-2 kepada Kepala Dinas Kesehatan selambat-lambatnya 6 (enam) hari kerja setelah menerima permohonan dapat meminta bantuan teknis kepada Balai POM untuk melakukan pemeriksaan setempat terhadap kesiapan apotek untuk melakukan kegiatan
3. Tim Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten/Kota atau Kepala Balai POM selambat lambatnya 6 (enam) hari kerja setelah permintaan bantuan teknis dari Kepala Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten / Kota melaporkan hasil pemeriksaan setempat dengan menggunakan contoh Formulir APT-3
4. Dalam hal pemeriksaan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam ayat (2) dan (3) tidak dilaksanakan, Apoteker pemohon dapat membuat surat pernyataan siap melakukan kegiatan kepada Kepada Dinas Kesehatan/Kota setempat dengan menggunakan contoh formulir APT-4
5. Dalam jangka waktu 12 (dua belas) hari kerja setelah menerima laporan hasil pemeriksaan sebagai yang dimaksud ayat (3) atau pernyataan yang dimaksud ayat (4) Kepala Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten/Kota mengeluarkan Surat Izin Apotek dengan menggunakan contoh formulir APT-5
6. Dalam hal pemeriksaan Tim Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten/Kota atau Kepala Balai POM dimaksud ayat (3) masih belum memenuhi syarat, Kepala Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten/Kota setempat dalam jangka waktu 12 (dua belas) hari kerja mengeluarkan Surat Penundaan dengan mengeluarkan contoh formulir APT-6
7. Terhadap Surat Penundaan sebagaimana dimaksud ayat (6), apoteker diberi kesempatan untuk melengkapi persyaratan yang belum dipenuhi selambat-lambatnya dalam jangka waktu 1 (satu) bulan sejak tanggal Surat Penundaan.
2.2 Pengelolaan Apotek
2.2.1 Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Manusia
Sesuai ketentuan perundangan yang berlaku Apotek harus dikelola oleh seorang apoteker yang profesional. Dalam pengelolaan Apotek, Apoteker senantiasa harus memiliki kemampuan menyediakan dan memberikan pelayanan yang baik, mengambil keputusan yang tepat, kemampuan berkomunikasi antar profesi, menempatkan diri sebagai menempatkan pimpinan dalam situasi multidisipliner, kemampuan mengelola SDM secara efektif, selalu belajar sepanjang karier, dan membantu memberi pendidikan dan memberi peluang untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan.
2.2.2 Pengelolaan Sarana dan Prasarana Apotek
Apotek berlokasi pada daerah yang dengan mudah dikenali oleh masyarakat. Pada halaman depan terdapat papan petunjuk yang dengan jelas tertulis kata Apotek. Apotek harus dapat dengan mudah diakses oleh anggota masyarakat. Pelayanan produk kefarmasian diberikan pada tempat yang terpisah dari aktifitas pelayanan dan penjualan produk lainnya, hal ini berguna untuk menunjukkan integritas dan kualitas produk serta mengurangi resiko kesalahan penyerahan.
Masyarakat harus diberi akses secara langsung dan mudah oleh apoteker untuk memperoleh informasi dan konseling. Lingkungan apotek harus dijaga kebersihannya. Apotek harus bebas dari hewan pengerat dan serangga. Apotek harus bebas dari suplai listrik yang konstan, terutama untuk lemari pendingin.
Apotek harus memiliki ruang tunggu yang nyaman bagi pasien, tempat untuk mendisplai informasi bagi pasien, termasuk penempatan brosur atau materi informasi, ruang tertutup untuk konseling bagi pasien yang dilengkapi dengan meja dan kursi serta lemari untuk menyimpan catatan untuk medikasi pasien, ruang untuk meracik obat, tempat pencucian alat, keranjang sampah yang tersedia untuk staf maupun pasien.
Perabotan Apotek harus tertata rapi, lengkap dengan rak-rak penyimpannan obat dan barang-barang lain yang juga tersusun rapi, terlindung dari debu, kelembaban dan cahaya yang berlebihan serta diletakkan pada kondisi ruang dengan temperatur yang telah ditetapkan.


2.2.3 Pengelolaan Sediaan Farmasi dan Perbekalan Kesehatan Lainnya
Pengelolaan persediaan farmasi dan perbekalan kesehatan lainnya dilakukan sesuai ketentuan perundangan yang berlaku meliputi: perencanaan, pengadaan, penyimpanan dan pelayanan. Pengeluaran obat memakai sistim FIFO (first in first out) dan FEFO (first expire first out)
Dalam membuat perencanaan pengadaan sediaan farmasi perlu diperhatikan pola penyakit, kemampuan masyarakat dan budaya masyarakat. Untuk menjamin kualitas pelayanan kefarmasian maka pengadaan sediaan farmasi harus melalui jalur resmi.
Obat/bahan obat harus disimpan dalam wadah asli dari pabrik. Dalam hal pengecualian atau darurat dimana isi dipindahkan pada wadah lain, maka harus dicegah terjadinya kontaminasi dan harus ditulis informasi yang jelas pada wadah baru, wadah sekurang-kurangnya memuat nomor batch dan tanggal kadaluarsa. Semua bahan obat harus disimpan pada kondisi yang sesuai, layak dan menjamin kestabilan bahan.
2.2.4 Pengelolaan Administrasi
Dalam menjalankan pelayanan kefarmasian di apotek , perlu dilaksanakan kegiatan administrasi yang meliputi administrasi umum dan administrasi pelayanan. Administrasi umum meliputi pencacatan, pengarsipan, pelaporan narkotika, psikotropika dan dokumentasi sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku, sedangkan administrasi pelayanan meliputi pengarsipan resep, pengarsipan cacatan pengobatan pasien, pengarsipan hasil monitoring penggunaan obat.
2.3 Pelayanan Apotek
2.3.1 Pelayanan Resep
a. Skrining Resep
Terhadap resep yang diterima harus dilakukan skrining terlebih dahulu oleh apoteker sebelum dilayani. Skrining resep meliputi persyaratan administrasi, kesesuaian farmasetik dan pertimbangan klinis. Persyaratan administratif meliputi : nama,SIP dan alamat dokter; tanggal penulisan resep; tanda tangan/paraf dokter penulis resep; nama, alamat, umur, jenis kelamin, dan berat badan pasien; nama obat , potensi, dosis, jumlah yang minta; cara pemakaian yang jelas; dan informasi lainnya. Kesesuaian farmasetik meliputi : bentuk sediaan, dosis,potensi, stabilitas, inkompatibilitas, cara dan lama pemberian. Pertimbangan klinis meliputi : adanya alergi, efek samping, interaksi, kesesuaian (dosis, durasi, jumlah obat dan lain-lain).
Jika ada keraguan terhadap resep hendaknya dikonsultasikan kepada dokter penulis resep dengan memberikan pertimbangan dan alternatif seperlunya bila perlu menggunakan persetujuan setelah pemberitahuan.
b. Penyiapan Obat (Peracikan)
Peracikan merupakan kegiatan menyiapkan, menimbang, mencampur, mengemas dan memberikan etiket pada wadah. Dalam melaksanakan peracikan obat harus dibuat suatu prosedur tetap dengan memperhatikan dosis, jenis dan jumlah obat serta penulisan etiket yang benar. Etiket obat harus jelas dan dapat dibaca. Obat hendaknya dikemas dengan rapi dalam kemasan yang cocok sehingga terjaga kualitasnya.
c. Penyerahan Obat
Sebelum obat diserahkan pada pasien harus dilakukan pemeriksaan akhir terhadap kesesuaian antara obat dengan resep. Penyerahan obat dilakukan oleh apoteker disertai pemberian informasi obat dan konseling kepada pasien dan tenaga kesehatan.
d. Pemberian Informasi Obat
Apoteker harus memberikan informasi yang benar, jelas dan mudah dimengerti, akurat, tidak bias, etis, bijaksana, dan terkini. Informasi obat pada pasien sekurang-kurangnya meliputi: cara pemakaian obat, cara penyimpanan obat, jangka waktu pengobatan, aktivitas serta makanan dan minuman yang harus dihindari selama terapi.
e. Konseling
Apoteker harus memberikan konseling, mengenai sediaan farmasi, pengobatan dan perbekalan kesehatan lainnya, sehingga dapat memperbaiki kualitas hidup pasien atau yang bersangkutan terhindar dari bahaya penyalahgunaan atau penggunaan salah sediaan farmasi atau perbekalan kesehatan lainnya.
Untuk penderita penyakit tertentu seperti kardiovaskular, diabetes, TBC, asthma, dan penyakit kronis lainnya, apoteker harus memberikan konseling secara berkelanjutan.
f. Monitoring Penggunaan Obat
Setelah penyerahan obat kepada pasien, apoteker harus melaksanakan pemantauan penggunaan obat, terutama untuk pasien tertentu seperti kardiovaskular, diabetes , TBC, asthma, dan penyakit kronis lainnya.


2.3.2 Promosi dan Edukasi.
Dalam rangka pemberdayaan masyarakat, apoteker harus berpartisipasi secara aktif dalam promosi dan edukasi . Apoteker ikut membantu diseminasi informasi, antara lain dengan penyebaran leaflet/brosur, poster, penyuluhan, dan lain-lainnya.
2.3.3 Pelayanan residensial (Home Care)
Apoteker sebagai care giver diharapkan juga dapat melakukan pelayanan kefarmasian yang bersifat kunjungan rumah, khususnya untuk kelompok lansia dan pasien dengan pengobatan penyakit kronis lainnya. Untuk aktivitas ini apoteker harus membuat catatan berupa catatan pengobatan (medication record).

Lanjutannya silahkan tunggu, jangan lupa follow n kasi Thanxz yah....
Surya Marux :D

Thursday, March 24, 2011

Palm Oil Quality Standard

The oil produced from any process used should be safe to take. Nationally, there are standards for cooking oil as given in Table 2.
Table 2. Based Cooking Oil Quality Standard ISO - 3741 - 1995
No.
Criteria
Requirements
1
Odor and Taste
Normal
2
Color
Young Clear
3
Water Levels
0.3% max
4
Type weight
0.900 g / liter
5
Free fatty acids
Max 0.3%
6
Peroxide Numbers
Max 2 Meg / Kg
7
Iodine number
45-46
8
Bilanagan Saponification
196-206
9
Bias Index
1.448 to 1.450
10
Metal Contamination
Max 0.1 mg / kg
except zinc
Coconut Oil Technology (MAPI-2006) 8
In addition there is also a classification of ISO quality grade palm oil based on recommendations APCC (2006) are as follows:
Grade I = Refined and deodorized oil (oil that has been purified and removed the smell)
Grade II = Refined oil (oil that has been purified)
Grade III = White oils obtained by wet processing (no colored oil (nodes) obtained from pegolahan wet method)
Grade IV = Industrial Oil No. 1-obtained by the process of extraction (oil Industry No. 1 - obtained by extraction)
Grade V = Industrial Oil No. 2-obtained by the process of solvent extraction (oil Industry No. 1 - obtained by extraction using a solvent)
Quality requirement of each class of quality (grade) are presented in Table 5 below.
Table 5. Coconut cooking oil quality requirements for each class of quality (Grade), APCC 2006
No.
Characteristics of Quality Terms
Grade I
Grade II
Grade III
Grade IV
Grade V
1
Free fatty acids (as lauric,% max)
0,10
0,10
1
6
10
2
And water content of insoluble impurities (% max)
0,10
0,10
0,25
0,5
0,5
3
Materials that do not tersabukan (%, max)
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,8
1,0
4
Colors in the 1-inch cells, on the scale of Y +5 R, (not more than)
2
2
4
11
30
5
Saponification value, minimum
255
255
255
248
248
6
Iodine number (wijs)
7,5-9,5
7,5-9,5
7,5-9,5
7,0-11,0
7,0-11,0
7
Specific gravity at 30oC
0.915 s / d 0.920
0.915 s / d 0.920
0.915 s / d 0.920
0.915 s / d 0.920
0.915 s / d 0.910
8
Refractive index at 40 ° C
1.4480 s / d 1.4490
1.4480 s / d 1.4490
1.4480 s / d 1.4490
1.4480 s / d 1.4490
1.4480 s / d 1.4490
9
Mineralization acid
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
Source: APCC, 2006

Lauric acid

Lauric acid or dodekanoat acid is saturated fatty acid chain is (Ing. middle-chained fatty acids, MCFA) which is composed of 12 atoms of C. The main source of these fatty acids are coconut oil, which can contain 50% lauric acid, and palm kernel oil (palm kernel oil). Another source is cow's milk.

Lauric acid has a melting point 44 ° C and a boiling point of 225 ° C so that at room temperature a white solid tangible, and easy to melt when heated. Chemical formula: CH3 (CH2) 10COOH, molecular weight 200.3 g.mol-1. Acid is soluble in polar solvents, such as water, also soluble in fat because hydrocarbon group (methyl) at one end and carboxyl group at the other end. This behavior is utilized by the laundry industry, for example in the shampoo. Sodium laurilsulfat is an instance of the most frequently used in industrial soap and shampoo.

At the Cosmetic Industry, lauric acid serves as a thickener, moisturizer and softener

Lauric acid

Lauric acid or dodekanoat acid is saturated fatty acid chain is (Ing. middle-chained fatty acids, MCFA) which is composed of 12 atoms of C. The main source of these fatty acids are coconut oil, which can contain 50% lauric acid, and palm kernel oil (palm kernel oil). Another source is cow's milk.

Lauric acid has a melting point 44 ° C and a boiling point of 225 ° C so that at room temperature a white solid tangible, and easy to melt when heated. Chemical formula: CH3 (CH2) 10COOH, molecular weight 200.3 g.mol-1. Acid is soluble in polar solvents, such as water, also soluble in fat because hydrocarbon group (methyl) at one end and carboxyl group at the other end. This behavior is utilized by the laundry industry, for example in the shampoo. Sodium laurilsulfat is an instance of the most frequently used in industrial soap and shampoo.

At the Cosmetic Industry, lauric acid serves as a thickener, moisturizer and softener

Infussion

Sterilization is a process designed to create a sterile condition. Traditionally sterile conditions is an absolute condition that is created as a result of the destruction and removal of all microorganisms living. This concept states that sterile is a relative term that has connotations, and the possibility of creating conditions of absolute freedom from microorganisms can only be suspected on the basis of the projected kinetic death rate of microbes.
(Lachman, p. 1254).
Large volume parenteral preparations are generally given by intravenous infusion to supplement body fluids, electrolytes, or to nourish. Intravenous infusion is a large volume parenteral preparations intended for intravenous administration. In general, intravenous infusion fluids used for replacement of body fluids and provide additional nutrients, to maintain the body's normal function inpatients who require adequate caloric intake during the healing period or after surgery. There are also other uses that as a carrier of other drugs.
Intravenous infusion fluids packaged in single dose form, in plastic or glass container, sterile, pyrogen free and free of other particles. Because of the large volume, preservatives are never used in intravenous infusion to avoid toxicity that may be caused by the preservative itself. Intravenous infusion fluids typically contain substances such as amino acids, dextrose, electrolytes and vitamins.
Although intravenous infusion fluid is a solution that isotonis desirable to minimize trauma to the blood vessels, but liquid and hipertonis hipotonis can be used. To minimize irritation of blood vessels, hipertonis solution is given in a slow speed.
Requirements
1. Appropriate content of the ingredients that are stated in the label and is in preparation; a reduction in effect during storage due to the destruction of chemical drugs.
2. Use a suitable container, which not only allows the preparations remained sterile but also prevent the occurrence of drug interactions with the container wall material.
3. United without any reaction. for it, some of the most determining factor is:
a) The germ-free
b) free of pyrogen
c) free of solvents that are not physiologically neutral
d) isotonis
e) isohidris
f) free float material
Advantages intravenous infusion is to produce drugs that work faster than other ways of giving and do not cause problems of drug absorption. While the loss of the drug given intravenously once through then the drug can not be removed from circulation as can be done for the drug when administered orally, such as ways to induce vomiting
Discussion:
Unnecessary infusion dosage volume pengawetkarena BESA. If the added preservatives, the amount of preservative is needed so that it can cause toxic effects.

Oxalic acid

Oxalic acid found in lettuce, cabbage, cauliflower (especially broccoli), green beans, green beans and in small amounts in most vegetables and fruits.
Oxalic acid is a dicarboxylic acid which consists of only two C atoms in each molecule, so that the two carboxylate groups are contiguous. Because the location of the adjacent carboxylate groups, oxalic acid has a dissociation constant that is greater than other organic acids.
General properties of Oxalic Acid
Oxalic acid in a state of pure form of crystalline compounds, soluble in water (8% at 10o C) and soluble in alcohol. Oxalic acid forms neutral salts with alkali metals (NAK), which is soluble in water (5-25%), while that with the alkaline earth metals, including Mg or with heavy metal, has a very small solubility in water. So the calcium oxalate is practically insoluble in water. Based on these properties of oxalic acid is used to determine the amount of calcium. Oxalic acid is ionized in strong acid media.

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